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SQL Server provides a number of options you can use to format a date/time string. One of the first considerations is the actual date/time needed. The most common is the current date/time using getdate(). This provides the current date and time according to the server providing the date and time. If a universal date/time is needed, then getutcdate() should be used. To change the format of the date, you convert the requested date to a string and specify the format number corresponding to the format needed.

How to get different SQL Server date formats

1. Use the date format option along with CONVERT function
2. To get YYYY-MM-DD use SELECT CONVERT(varchar, getdate(), 23)
3. To get MM/DD/YYYY use SELECT CONVERT(varchar, getdate(), 1)
4. Check out the chart to get a list of all format options

Below is a list of formats and an example of the output.  The date used for all of these examples is “2006-12-30 00:38:54.840”.

DATE ONLY FORMATS
Format #	Query	Sample
1	select convert(varchar, getdate(), 1)	12/30/06
2	select convert(varchar, getdate(), 2)	06.12.30
3	select convert(varchar, getdate(), 3)	30/12/06
4	select convert(varchar, getdate(), 4)	30.12.06
5	select convert(varchar, getdate(), 5)	30-12-06
6	select convert(varchar, getdate(), 6)	30 Dec 06
7	select convert(varchar, getdate(), 7)	Dec 30, 06
10	select convert(varchar, getdate(), 10)	12-30-06
11	select convert(varchar, getdate(), 11)	06/12/30
12	select convert(varchar, getdate(), 12)	061230
23	select convert(varchar, getdate(), 23)	2006-12-30
101	select convert(varchar, getdate(), 101)	12/30/2006
102	select convert(varchar, getdate(), 102)	2006.12.30
103	select convert(varchar, getdate(), 103)	30/12/2006
104	select convert(varchar, getdate(), 104)	30.12.2006
105	select convert(varchar, getdate(), 105)	30-12-2006
106	select convert(varchar, getdate(), 106)	30 Dec 2006
107	select convert(varchar, getdate(), 107)	Dec 30, 2006
110	select convert(varchar, getdate(), 110)	12-30-2006
111	select convert(varchar, getdate(), 111)	2006/12/30
112	select convert(varchar, getdate(), 112)	20061230
TIME ONLY FORMATS
8	select convert(varchar, getdate(), 8)	00:38:54
14	select convert(varchar, getdate(), 14)	00:38:54:840
24	select convert(varchar, getdate(), 24)	00:38:54
108	select convert(varchar, getdate(), 108)	00:38:54
114	select convert(varchar, getdate(), 114)	00:38:54:840
DATE & TIME FORMATS
0	select convert(varchar, getdate(), 0)	Dec 12 2006 12:38AM
9	select convert(varchar, getdate(), 9)	Dec 30 2006 12:38:54:840AM
13	select convert(varchar, getdate(), 13)	30 Dec 2006 00:38:54:840AM
20	select convert(varchar, getdate(), 20)	2006-12-30 00:38:54
21	select convert(varchar, getdate(), 21)	2006-12-30 00:38:54.840
22	select convert(varchar, getdate(), 22)	12/30/06 12:38:54 AM
25	select convert(varchar, getdate(), 25)	2006-12-30 00:38:54.840
100	select convert(varchar, getdate(), 100)	Dec 30 2006 12:38AM
109	select convert(varchar, getdate(), 109)	Dec 30 2006 12:38:54:840AM
113	select convert(varchar, getdate(), 113)	30 Dec 2006 00:38:54:840
120	select convert(varchar, getdate(), 120)	2006-12-30 00:38:54
121	select convert(varchar, getdate(), 121)	2006-12-30 00:38:54.840
126	select convert(varchar, getdate(), 126)	2006-12-30T00:38:54.840
127	select convert(varchar, getdate(), 127)	2006-12-30T00:38:54.840
ISLAMIC CALENDAR DATES
130	select convert(nvarchar, getdate(), 130)
131	select convert(nvarchar, getdate(), 131)	10/12/1427 12:38:54:840AM

You can also format the date or time without dividing characters, as well as concatenate the date and time string:

If you want to get a list of all valid date and time formats, you could use the code below and change the @date to GETDATE() or any other date you want to use.  This will output just the valid formats.

DECLARE @counter INT = 0
DECLARE @date DATETIME = '2006-12-30 00:38:54.840'

CREATE TABLE #dateFormats (dateFormatOption int, dateOutput nvarchar(40))

WHILE (@counter <= 150 )
BEGIN
   BEGIN TRY
      INSERT INTO #dateFormats
      SELECT CONVERT(nvarchar, @counter), CONVERT(nvarchar,@date, @counter) 
      SET @counter = @counter + 1
   END TRY
   BEGIN CATCH;
      SET @counter = @counter + 1
      IF @counter >= 150
      BEGIN
         BREAK
      END
   END CATCH
END

SELECT * FROM #dateFormats

Reference